“Membranes never arise  de novo ;  they grow by accretion, that is, by the insertion of new molecules into a preexisting fabric.  Thus, membranes come from preexisting membranes, linked by uninterrupted filiation to an ancestral membrane that may
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   book info    ( … for 7th edition -  2022 )   excerpts:         All channels and many transporters [in the membrane] allow solutes to cross the membrane only  passively (“downhill”), a process called passive transport. In the case of transport  of
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   source     excerpt:         The most abundant membrane lipids are the phospholipids. These have a  polar head group containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. In animal, plant, and bacterial cells, the tails are usually fa
   Frank Harold website       Rudolph Virchow is best remembered today for his succinct proclamation (1858) of one of biology's universal laws:      Omnis cellula e cellula.        Every cell comes from a preexistent cell .
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   book info     excerpt:          Energy coupling by means of an ion current is a complicated and counterintuitive way to harvest energy.  Why do it in such a roundabout manner?  One answer is that a proton current makes a very flexible mechanism: a
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