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Water molecules have a bond angle of 104.5 degrees, which is the result of VSEPR ( Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion ) geometry (see here ). The bonding electron pair shared by each H and the central O atom lies further f

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Polarity of the water molecule is responsible for how it interacts with charged ions, such as Na+ and Cl-.

Water associates with the charged (hydrophilic) outer and inner surfaces of the bilayer cell membrane. However, the dipole charge of the water molecule limits its ability to freely traverse the uncharged (hydrophobic) lipid interior.

The weak hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules are responsible for many of the unique properties of liquid water.

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book info ( … for 7th edition - 2022 )

source

*bang* *membrane*

link to full article excerpts: Protons in aqueous solution almost always exist in hydrated form as hydronium ions, H3O+. Protons exist as H+ only 1% of the time -during transfer from one water to another. The three protons in H3O

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* visitor's guide *

Below each index page image is a single word which gives a hint to the subject on that webpage.

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Clicking on any index page image opens a webpage, which most often contains an illustrated 1,000 word essay and an image collection. External links are provided to offer in-depth discussion of the subject.

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*** The layout and organization of imagessays.com is a bit tangential by design, leading the visitor to an exploration of related subjects, informing in an unexpected manner, and so expanding the knowledge base of the viewer. ***

primary webpage: seeing

secondary webpage: marrow

annotated list of webpages: * annotated *

“Whenever I discovered something which was noteworthy,

I have felt it my duty to put down what I had discovered,

in order that it would become known to the educated world.”

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Letter of June 12, 1716

… see: microscope

“Sharing knowledge is the the greatest of all callings.

There is nothing like it in the land".”

The Instruction of Dua-Khety

… to his son, as he entered scribe school c. 2000 BC, Egypt - Middle Kingdom

… see: seeing

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explanation of website design

* annotated index of selected webpages *

list of essays

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